David Gregg and the History of the Optical Disk

An optical disk is a plastic-coated disk that stores digital data. Tiny pits are etched into the disk surface that is read with a laser scanning the surface. The technology behind the optical disk is the foundation for similar formats including CDs and DVDs. David Gregg The optical disk is an analog video optical disk format. The original format provided full bandwidth composite video and two analog audio tracks (digital audio tracks were added later). The optical disk (commonly known as the laserdisc as trademarked by Pioneer) was replaced in popularity by the introduction of DVD in 1997. David Gregg Speaks on the Invention of the Optical Disk By dumbing down an electron beam to visible wavelengths, modulating it to the standard PWM video frequency, and reducing the power to photoresistive requirements, an e-beam optical videodisk mastering system was practical and commercially available in the late 50s. This simple and practical means of mastering was abandoned by others in favor of more costly and time delaying technology: the laser, the supreme toy of the moment for techies. Impact of David Greggs Patents Digital Versatile Disc or DVD and LaserDisc from PioneerMiniDisc from SonyCompact Disc or CD from Philips the 3M Company List of Patents for Optical Disk Technology A transparent plastic disc is described in the Copending Application Ser. No. 627,701, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,430,966, issued March 4, 1969, in which picture information in the form of video signals is recorded on one or both sides of the disc. The recorded picture information on the disc is intended to be reproduced, for example, through a television receiver, by playing the disc on a turntable and by directing a light beam through the disc, as described in the Copending Application Ser. No. 507,474 now, abandoned, and its continuation-in-part application, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,530,258. The light beam is modulated by the video recordings on the disc, and a pick-up head is provided which responds to the resulting light signals to transform them into corresponding electrical video or picture signals for playback purposes. The present invention is concerned with such a video disc record, and with a duplication process by which a multiplicity of such records may be mass-produced from a master record die. The material of the disc record surface is made such to be appropriate for embossing and to enable, under suitable temperature conditions, a slight force pressing the disc surface against a master die to cause the impressions on the surface of the die to be embossed into the surface of the disc. With such an embossing process, there is no transverse flow of the disc material, as occurs in the usual prior art stamping or molding processes, as are presently being used in the production of phonograph sound records, for example, and by which the actual surface of the record is raised above its melting point. The stamping techniques presently being used in the manufacture of phonograph records are not suitable for the extraordinarily fine microgrooves and patterns required by video frequency recordings of picture information. Such stamping techniques as are presently being used in the production of phonograph sound records require that the master record die be heated to a temperature above the melting point of the vinyl or other plastic material used in the phonograph record. In the prior art phonograph record duplicating process, a biscuit of the vinyl or other plastic material is placed in a stamper, and the heated master record die is brought down onto one or both surfaces of the biscuit. The plastic of the biscuit surface is melted and caused to flow radially into the spaces defined by the impressions on the master die surface. As mentioned above, this stamping technique by present-day standards appears to be unsuited for the extremely fine micro-spiral grooves required for video frequency recordings. As an alternative to the present-day practice, and as will be described, a video disc record blank of laminated transparent plastic construction may be provided, the laminated record having a surface layer of relatively soft transparent plastic of any suitable known type, and which can be readily embossed; and a supporting base of a rigid plastic, such as an acrylic resin or polyvinyl chloride. As a first step in the alternate approach, the laminated disc record blank is heated to a point at which the surface tension of the surface material causes the surface to be smooth and regular. This temperature is the critical temperature at which embossed impressions may be formed on the disc surface, and it is below the melting point of the surface material. The embossing die(s) is(are) heated to a temperature slightly above the critical temperature, and it(they) and the record blank are brought together with slight pressure. As the die(s) and the record blank are brought together, the die(s) is(are) cooled to the aforesaid critical temperature, and its (their) surface impressions are embossed into the surface(s) of the record. Obviously, if two sides are being embossed, two embossing dies are required. The supporting structure would require modification, but such modification is well within the skill of the art. After the disc record has been embossed, as described above, an opaque mask is deposited into the portions of its surface around the resulting embossed micro-grooves. This latter mask may be formed on the disc by using a vacuum deposition technique, as will be described. The aforesaid disc record, when laminated in accordance with the aforesaid alternate approach, is used in order to present the desired surface characteristics for optimum embossing capabilities, and yet so that the record itself may be rugged and suitable for rough usage. The laminated structure of the record comprises reasonably tough and dimensionally stable clear plastic for the main body of the disc; and a plastic material on one or both surfaces of the disc which is most suited for embossing. The combination provides a video record disc that is useful, which can take on the appropriate amount of handling, and which still can be embossed easily and effectively.

Mexico A Unified Spanish Language As A Universal Form Of...

Mexico has a long history that goes back as far as the 11th millennium B.C which was over 10,000 years before the Spanish intruded. Across the land, Meso-America was inhabited by various indigenous groups with over 14 languages been spoken and some of them ae still being spoken such as the Zapotec and the Nawan and Purepecha. Aside from the civilized curriculums that Meso-America developed then exploited by Europeans, Mexico today inherits some of its culture such as the association of indigenous groups with agriculture, combining its diverse traditions with factors of a developed civilization such as a unified Spanish language as a universal form of communication. If we analyze of who look like a typical Mexican, it’s people have diverse physical features as if they belong from continents around the world. In fact, Mexican peoples are a composition of various races. The Mestizos in one hand are Indigenous-Spanish, Mulatto’s, on the other hand, are Indigenous-African de scends. Therefore, the typical Mexican of the 21st century is the person who combines historic roots with today’s globalized norms. In this paper, I will summarize certain events of what I learned about the de-Indianization attempts, the idea of the Cosmic race and the urbanization tragedies that unifies Mexican in the 21st century after the revolution based on Bonfill Batalla’s Mexico’s profound and my CHS 345 class. First of all, One reason of the stagnation of development was the division attempts ofShow MoreRelatedThe Human Web: Class Notes3179 Words   |  13 Pagesdistances between ïÆ'Ëœ The American web stretched from the Great Lakes to the southern Andes o Encompassed anywhere from 40-60 million people o Water transport was important o Two nodes: central Mexico (Aztec) and Peru (Inca) ï‚ § Aztec: Politically only influenced central Mexico, but culturally, influenced from Mexico to the Mississippi basin and southeastern woodlands of North America ï‚ § Inca: Influence spread from southern Columbia through northern Argentina and Chile both politically and culturally. Read MoreRevolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–185010951 Words   |  44 PagesRevolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–1850 I. Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis A. Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises 1. 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This literature undertook to use language as a kind of undistorting mirror of, or perfectly transparent window to, the â€Å"real†, to disguise its own status as artifice, to present language as constructed of one-to-one relationships between the word (signifier) and the thing that the word represents (signified); in short, realism appeals to our ideologicallyRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 Pagesand collective human rights 3.1 A note on cultural and ethnic identity 9 11 4. 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Values and Ethics in America Case Study Free Essays

BA 3102 – Summer 2, 2012 Video Case Assignment â€Å"End Game: Values and Ethics in America† 1. The most ethical decision is if she turns left into town and report the accident to the police. Even if she turns herself in and jeopardizes to lose her school-funding grant, she knows she did the right thing and her conscious is clean. We will write a custom essay sample on Values and Ethics in America Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now She caused a fatal accident that killed the other driver, which means she must report to the police. If she doesn’t, then her friend should turn her in and help her for the long run. Human moral and ethical values are more important then the award for the school grant and reputation in the company. In the Deckop Chapter article-â€Å"Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a Decision†, it compares the utilitarianism and universalism theories. It states that utilitarianism is regarding â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number and the ends justify the means†. It’s not ethical to disregard the law and serve the greater good. If she was killed in a deadly car accident, I’m sure she would want someone to report her death to the police who would later notify her loved ones. Running away from an accident is not only unethical, but is also a crime and there is no justification for it. The consequences of fleeing a crime scene is more severe than turning yourself in. â€Å"The pressures of a situation may cause one to apply self-serving biases that while in the short-run appear acceptable, in the long-run result in damage to one’s firm, career or self in terms of staying true to ethical principals and human morals†(Desktop, 2008). I strongly agree with this statement. If she won’t report to the police, and deny what she did, she would be living with her guilt knowing she knew what was the right thing to do, but she made the wrong decision. By knowing she is responsible for someone’s life and didn’t notify anybody, in the long run, it will destroy her emotionally (guilt, depression or even suicide). 2. I think I made the right choice for Julia because either way she would have had to face the consequences. If she turns herself into the police, most likely she would get arrested for drinking and driving. She would possibly lose her school-funding grant that all her students dependent on her. She would also lose her reputation as being a good teacher, but one thing she would be acknowledged for is that she was honest and admitted for her action. However, if she don’t turn herself in, she would have to live on the rest of her life guilty knowing she hided the truth. In the long run the truth will be revealed. Part 3 doesn’t change anything for me, because I knew that the follow-up would be that she would hide the truth in order not to damage her reputation in the school, along with not letting her students down. Running away from reality is always easier then facing the truth and admitting for our wrongdoings. Many companies think they can get away with fraud or unethical decision-making, until they either get caught or they turn themselves in. You need to know where to draw the line between personal responsibility and accountability. 3. My decision in question 1 is more consistent with universalism then utilitarianism because universalism focuses on ethical decision making, assuming the decision-maker is following the right morals and values. For example, Julia should report to the police and turn herself in, just as if her loved ones would like to know if she was in a fatal car accident and who is responsible for her death. Also the universalism theory states that everybody is equal and moral ethics apply to everyone no matter what background or culture you are from. Universal ethics explains which behaviors are right or wrong. These ethical standards apply to everybody worldwide. It’s something that a virtuous person is supposed to adhere to and believe in, just like manners that you learn from home. Most manners are universal, though some vary from culture to culture. As a result, I strongly agree with the universalism decision-making tool. How to cite Values and Ethics in America Case Study, Free Case study samples

History of Christianity in Africa free essay sample

History of Christianity in Africa Europeans nations such as, Britain, France, Portugal, Italy etc. Wanted to expand their territory, spread the ways of their culture and beliefs, find new resources and markets. At that time, Africa seemed like the perfect place to explore. There was not much known about the mysterious continent and this ignited their curiosity. They wanted to know the kind of potential benefits Africa would bring. Since these powerful European nations didnt know what to expect, they sent in explorers like, Gill Manes and Mongo Park.The explorers acted like spies. They went to through many different African actions to find Out, which people were friendly and which werent. Also they were supposed to explore the popular river systems and find what kind of raw materials were sold. They wrote about all their adventures, experiences, the kind of people they have met and the things they see in journals, that were later read by the powerful colonial governments. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Christianity in Africa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After the explorers did their part missionaries were sent to Africa.Before the missionaries came to Africa, the religion that was practiced were oral and very traditional. And rulers in African nations were closely linked to religion, rulers were also seen as spiritual leaders. And they are looked up to by the people, for guidance, strength and prosperity. In the early sixteen centuries, Portugal sent in Catholic missionaries to gain the trust of certain African rulers, and convert them. Portugal was hoping that the converted rulers, would trust them and become allies.At first, different African nations were curious about the missionaries, and were only interested in new trading markets but once the missionaries criticized their religious practices, they felt threatened and had many of these missionaries thrown and often killed. During the nineteenth centuries, Christianity started o rise in many African nations. Most of the missionaries, felt that Africa non- Muslim Africans lacked any religious structure. They felt that that their ritual acts were barbaric and believed that it was their duty to bring Christianity, civilize and save the souls of the non believing Africans.They were also hoping to push their own cultural ways on them. For example, the converted Africans had AAA certain dress code and they couldnt dance nor drink. While before they had multiple wives, the now had to limit themselves in monogamous marriage. But in order to do all that they needed the trust of the Africans. They finally found the solution Slavery. They decided to preach against slavery and the slave trade. The slave traders were very powerful and settled. They also had control over the ivory trade. So the missionaries tried press the slave trade by asking for protection fro the British. They were hoping that the slavers would give up that control. There were some advantages the missionaries brought, they introduced formal education to the Africans by opening schools. They started teaching the way of the bible. In order to do that, the missionaries had to learn the local dialects that was spoken. And that they did. The bible in many languages were translated by the missionaries. They opened up clinics, and this helped to lower the death rates. Living conditions were improved and literacy rates increased. Most of the European missionaries worked actively for their government. Sometimes they asked for protection from their government when political conflicts threatens to expose their missions. Missionaries from each European nation worked to convince African rulers to trust them. Most of them tried to exert political control of the unsuspecting African states and rule their kingdoms.