Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 23

Undertaking the executives - Essay Example Undertaking arranging and planning encourages venture supervisors to take ace dynamic measures to stay away from a portion of the dangers that rise up out of the outer and inward condition that encompasses the contractual workers (Kerzner, 2013). Venture arranging is an iterative procedure. Undertakings embraced are related of one another; subsequently, disappointment of a subsystem influences the entire frameworks. Undertaking arranging salvages the venture group from unanticipated conditions due the high vulnerability that is with a larger part of tasks. The main phase of the undertaking plan is recognizing the objectives of the venture. In the stage, recipients of the undertaking are distinguished and the partners. Their requirements are with the goal that the undertaking is intended to meet them. A timetable is then evolved to build up the measure of time and assets that is destined to be. A spending plan of the assets vital is set up to decide the expense of executing the undertaking. Furthermore, a Human Resource plan is additionally evolved to decide the aptitudes that will be expected to achieve the mission. Moreover, a correspondence plan is plot demonstrating how progress of work will be. Ultimately, a hazard the ex ecutives plan is made to give quantifies that can be taken to shield action from impedance (Turner, 2014). Mode Sante, an organization, situated in France propelled a driven arrangement of building ultra present day relaxation edifices. The organization redistributed for temporary worker through a serious offering process who should construct one of the offices in Uxbridge. With a capital as a requirement, the new Active Being Complex must be worked by the details furnished with the base cost conceivable. A capital measure of  £300,000 must be dispensed wisely towards establishment of another IT framework, security framework, music and open location frameworks and different luxuries that should have been in the new structure. Strangely, an old structure that had been left

Teacher Leadership Essay Example for Free

Educator Leadership Essay Communitarian proficient improvement is significant and can emphatically influence understudy learning. The additional time instructors are given to design, talk about, watch and gain from different educators the more various and dynamic their homerooms can be. Understudies will perceive how educators cooperating have a durable domain in the school and perceive how group building can truly be successful. Coordinated effort likewise permits educators to talk about regular control rules and systems so understudies know there is a typical desire in the entirety of their classes. It likewise gives instructors time to examine students’ qualities and shortcomings across content territories to help improve understudy accomplishment. The instructing usage procedure can likewise bolster instructor improvement. Training can be helpful for all instructors relying upon the kind of instructing being used. New instructors will require increasingly concentrated training. This can incorporate educating the new educators regarding the social parts of the structure on educational program, study hall the board, and order arrangements. Progressively experienced instructors may possibly require training when new instructional methodology should be actualized in the study hall. I will utilize tutoring, training and joint effort to promote my expert turn of events. Being a piece of the instructing calling is the longing to be a deep rooted student. Tutoring, instructing and teaming up are approaches to be bolstered and bolster your partners. I will utilize the data that I got from this course to help become progressively dynamic as an instructor chief in my structure. The main program that I have involvement in is the one in my school area. As another educator to the region four years prior, I was gone into when I began. The program offered was effective in my brain. As another educator, you can feel overpowered and uncertain of yourself. The tutoring/instructing program gives a wellbeing net and an ace educator for conversation and backing. As a result of a tutor and training program, I despite everything go to my guide for prompt and backing. I was fortunate enough to have such an astonishing encounter, which thus drove me to satchel a Master’s qualification in Teacher Leadership.

Urging Educators to Accept the Internet as a Valuable Research Tool for Students :: Teaching Education

Encouraging Educators to Accept the Internet as a Valuable Research Tool for Students On the transformative size of significance, minnows involve an apparently modest state: they are little, they are modest, they are generally moderate, and they are maladroit. Notwithstanding peril from bigger and all the more genuinely predominant fish, minnows escape. At the point when a fisherman’s net scoops them from their condition, they are helpless. Indeed, even as the angler gets a handle on a minnow’s submissive body, and dives a guide into its back, the best a minnow can do is gaze blankly. In spite of these apparently unfavorable qualities, be that as it may, minnows do have some worth. In the event that they are genuinely skilled, and lucky enough to not surrender to the previously mentioned perils, they form into bigger fish, which are fit for maintaining a strategic distance from the more everyday threats of their condition. In any case, a minnow would not be the perfect decision for a new body in the event that one magnified the powers of rebirth. In addition, in our secularized state, most animals don't scold the minnow as a heavenly animal deserving of regard. People particularly don't pamper the minnow with consideration: not in craftsmanship, not in writing, nor in strict legend. All things considered, pictures of Moby Minnow escaping an irritated Ahab would most likely not wet the flavors of amateurs or easygoing perusers of writing. However, in all seriousness, the minnow inspires an astonishing representation for instructors beseeching their understudies to learn. In spite of the fact that educators in no way, shape or form â€Å"hook† understudies and use them for â€Å"bait,† they do be able to instruct their understudies about the threats of this present reality. Physical risks, but not quite the same as the dangers looked by minnows, do present dangers to understudies in prominent and obvious structures: liquor misuse, medicate misuse, peer weight, and viciousness in addition to other things. To worsen matters increasingly, a portion of these perils cover one another, which makes the activity of grown-up mediation considerably progressively infuriating and dangerous. Additionally, another threat exists for understudies: the Internet. Out of nowhere warnings and whaling klaxons rise in the brains of certain perusers! This paper doesn't imply to advocate a central justification for pre-adult Internet use; nor does this paper release philippics about the indecent wantonness ascribed to the Internet. Encouraging Educators to Accept the Internet as a Valuable Research Tool for Students :: Teaching Education Encouraging Educators to Accept the Internet as a Valuable Research Tool for Students On the transformative size of significance, minnows possess an apparently modest state: they are little, they are modest, they are generally moderate, and they are awkward. Notwithstanding threat from bigger and all the more truly prevailing fish, minnows escape. At the point when a fisherman’s net scoops them from their condition, they are exposed. Indeed, even as the angler gets a handle on a minnow’s mild body, and dives a guide into its back, the best a minnow can do is gaze blankly. In spite of these apparently ominous qualities, nonetheless, minnows do have some worth. On the off chance that they are truly adroit, and sufficiently blessed to not capitulate to the previously mentioned risks, they form into bigger fish, which are equipped for keeping away from the more everyday threats of their condition. All things considered, a minnow would not be the perfect decision for a new body in the event that one lifted up the powers of resurrection. In addition, in our secularized state, most animals don't rebuke the minnow as a heavenly animal deserving of regard. People particularly don't pamper the minnow with consideration: not in workmanship, not in writing, nor in strict legend. All things considered, pictures of Moby Minnow escaping an infuriated Ahab would likely not wet the flavors of dabblers or easygoing perusers of writing. However, in all seriousness, the minnow summons an astonishing analogy for teachers beseeching their understudies to learn. Despite the fact that instructors in no way, shape or form â€Å"hook† understudies and use them for â€Å"bait,† they do be able to teach their understudies about the threats of this present reality. Physical risks, but not the same as the dangers looked by minnows, do present dangers to understudies in prominent and obvious structures: liquor misuse, sedate maltreatment, peer weight, and savagery in addition to other things. To worsen matters progressively, a portion of these risks cover one another, which makes the activity of grown-up mediation much increasingly bothersome and hazardous. Additionally, another threat exists for understudies: the Internet. Out of nowhere warnings and whaling klaxons develop in the brains of certain perusers! This paper doesn't imply to advocate a central method of reasoning for pre-adult Internet use; nor does this paper release philippics about the unethical wantonness ascribed to the Internet.

Where Should Lakshya Apply to Business School

This blog post is part of a series of MBA profile evaluations called â€Å"What are My Chances?†   by Michelle Stockman. Michelle, who started consulting for Accepted in 2007 and worked previously in the Columbia Business School admissions office, will provide selected applicants with school recommendation as well as an assessment of their strengths and weaknesses. If you would like Michelle to evaluate your profile at no charge and as part of this series, please provide the information requested at http://reports.accepted.com/what_are_my_chances. PROFILE #7: Lakshya, the Indian architect with designs on a real estate (or energy) career Think of your app as you would a building youre designing. Build it for its intended use, and users. Note: This profile request arrived with very little information. In my evaluation, I’m going to mention â€Å"ideal† details that would make him stand out. -BACKGROUND: 24-year-old Indian male who graduated in 2013 from Dehradun Institute of Technology in India. Six months full-time training at renowned architecture firm. Two years of work experience as a chief designer and team leader for various projects. Lakshya, you’re on the younger side of the MBA applicant pool. I’m not sure how you could have 24 months of full-time work experience having graduated in 2013. Perhaps you wrapped your class schedule around your job or you’re counting months to matriculation? You need to clarify this. My advice? Wait. Unless you have some significant leadership or design accomplishmentsyou need another year or two of work experience to accrue noteworthy leadership stories for your application. This would also give you time to research and network your target schools. What leadership stories might stand out? First, be careful about how you word your experience. You must come across as talented, yet humble. A â€Å"renowned† architecture firm won’t mean much to an ad comm member. They are going to be impressed by YOUR extraordinary accomplishments in an ordinary job. So give some context. Seeking an MBA with an architecture background is distinctive. You’re going to be one of the few, if admitted, in a global MBA program. You must be exceptional. Are you a wunderkind in India’s â€Å"green design† field?   Did you introduce a socially conscious kind of design to a building project at your company that saves resources or energy in a country where conservation is a necessity? What was your impact on the job? Or have you come up with an ingenious method using cheap materials at hand to help the disadvantaged build cheap, sturdy shelters as a humanitarian project? Have you shared your experience at architecture conferences around the country? If not, start now. -GOALS: Work in the real estate and energy sector. You obviously know the guts of building. I assume now you want to understand the business side of decision-makingthat impacts your design. You must communicate three things with your goals. 1. Make them ambitious:  Show the admissions committee that it’s not just about making money, but responsibly developing an overcrowded nation. Inspire them with your ideas for India’s future development. 2. Focus: Real estate and energy are two vast markets. Choose one. Then choose a specific part you want to be involved with. Make it relate to your past. 3. Experience: You must show the admissions committee that you do have some experience working on business deals. This piqued your interest and now you need an MBA to fill in the gaps in your knowledge to achieve your goals. -GMAT: 720 No breakdown was given, but this is a decent score. You don’t necessarily need to retake the test, especially if you can match yourself well to a program. -GPA: 3.5 Your GPA comes a bit out of left field because you graduated from an Indian university. Do not feel that you need to translate your percentage score to the 4.0 scale. US and UK MBA programs understand the Indian system well enough to understand your GPA. Overall it’s a solid GPA. -EXTRACURRICULAR: Arranging cancer check up camps in my city and giving presentations on cancer awareness. This is great. I want to know more. Did you come up with this idea? Why? How did you identify the need? How involved were you? For how long? What kind of difference has it made in your community? Perhaps, you came up with this idea after you or someone close to you was stricken by cancer. You decided to create an awareness campaign that you funded through donations and fundraisers. You are involved in the administration of this program on a weekly basis. You used technology as much as possible to advertise and streamline administration of the program. For example, you convinced a mobile phone service provider to run free text msg. based ads to remind people to get their cancer screenings. Thanks to this program, â€Å"x† number of people have been evaluated, and â€Å"x† number of cases were caught in preliminary stages. You’ve shared your plan with, perhaps, a regional hospital system, and they intend to copy the program in several villages. If you haven’t, begin to think on this scale! -SCHOOLS: Stretch matches: Berkeley, Stanford, Columbia, Cornell, Duke, Wharton, UCLA On-par matches: University of Texas Austin, UNC, USC, Ross, Amity University RICS School of Built Environment Safety matches: Warwick, Rice Jones, Aberdeen Business School, University of Calgary (Haskayne School of Business) Overall, I write this with the caveat that ALL THESE SCHOOLS ARE STRETCH MATCHES unless you start networking now to get to know alumni, students and the admissions committee. You also need to tailor your application specifically to your target schools. Think of your application as you would any building you are designing. Build it for its intended use, and users. Michelle Stockman is a professional journalist, former Columbia Business School admissions insider, and experienced MBA admissions consultant. Related Resources: †¢ What are My Chances?: Rahul, the Indian Male IT Guy   †¢ Best MBA Programs: A Guide to Selecting the Right One   †¢ Leadership in Admissions

What Are Core Academic Classes

The term core courses refers to the list of courses that provide a broad foundation for your education. When it comes to their admissions policies, most colleges will calculate your grade point average using only the grades from your core academic classes. Also, once a student is in college, core courses have their own numbering and identifying characteristics as well as requirements. Understanding what core courses are can be confusing to students, and this confusion can be costly. High School Core Courses Generally, the core courses in high school include the following: Math: Three to four years (algebra, geometry, calculus)English: Four years (composition, literature, speech)Social science: Three to four years (history, sociology, psychology, political science, geography, economics)Science:  Normally three years (earth science, biology, chemistry, physics) In addition, colleges will  require credits in visual or performing arts, foreign language, and computer skills. Unfortunately, students sometimes struggle in one or more core areas. Some students believe that they can increase their grade average by taking an elective, such as a physical education class. While a good grade in a non-academic class might give you a confidence boost, scoring well in an elective class probably won’t help when it comes to college entry. Take fun classes to break up the schedule, but dont count on them to pave your way into college. Its important to maintain a high GPA, even in the early years of high school, but particularly in core courses. If ever you find yourself slipping behind in the important courses, seek assistance right away. Core Academic Courses in College Most colleges also require a similar list of courses that provide a foundation for your college education. College core often includes English, math, social sciences, humanities, and science. There are a few things you should know about college core courses. Core classes that you complete in one college may or may not transfer to another college. Policies change from one college to another and from one state to another. Additionally, in any given state, core requirements can be very different when switching from state colleges to private colleges. Core Course Numbers and Requirements College courses are generally numbered (like English 101). Core classes in college usually begin with a 1 or 2. Core classes that you complete for one degree program may not complete the core requirements for another program. If you change your major from history to chemistry, for example, you may find that your core requirements change.   Core sciences may or may not contain a lab. STEM majors (science, technology, engineering, and math) will require more lab sciences that non-STEM majors. Core courses serve as prerequisites for upper-level college courses. This means that you must be successful in certain core courses (like English 101) before you can enroll in higher courses of the same discipline (like English 490). Successful completion of a core course usually means earning a C or better. No matter how successful you are in a high school subject, the college course of the same name will be tougher.

The Media Has A Negative Effect On Women - 1338 Words

Everyone wants to be beautiful. What is beauty nowadays? Is it flawless skin, long blonde hair, and skinny waist and thighs? This is what beauty is for most women. Beauty is very predominant in a women’s world. People have their own perception of beauty, but we are all heavily influenced by society as well as the media. The things that the media inculcates into our minds are the things that we contemplate very often. Every time we see a celebrity or a model on television or a magazine we want to be just like them. Sadly, we cannot be like them, as much as we tried. Beauty comes in all shapes and sizes, and we cannot define beauty based on what the media portrays even though many women do so. The media has a negative effect on women and throughout the years we have been trying to have that â€Å"ideal† body according to the media through surgical enhancements and many other things, which causes eating disorders and a low self-esteem. When we see women on the media whethe r you are a man or a woman your mind quickly defines that as beauty. These beautiful women that we see often are tall, skinny with long hair and a blemish-free face. Women want to have the body and face that society tells them to strive for, and man want a girlfriend or a wife that looks just like them. Advertisements always show these beautiful women to attract men into buying their product and men somehow think that with this product they will find a beautiful woman. A good example of this could be any AxeShow MoreRelatedSocial Media Allows People To Share Pictures And Ideas1057 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media allows people to share pictures and ideas with others across the world. Women and girls can use social media to earn approval for their appearance and compare themselves to others. Women during this time period that are so heavily impacted by the media can link their self-worth to their looks. I used scholarly articles all relating to how social media affects body image t o decide what my view point was. After research, we can conclude that social media has a negative effect on a woman’sRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Dissatisfaction Of Young Girls And Adolescents1214 Words   |  5 PagesThe media is an important aspect of the current society and is ever present to the public. With the creation of new technology, there are more and more ways the media can be received and displayed for people to see everywhere they go. There are so many media sights nowadays such as Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook, as well as new magazines, commercials and other media publications made every day that allow people to connect to current events and new trends. Although today’s media has the potentialRead MoreThe Medias Influence on Adolescent Women1392 Words   |  6 PagesEvery day adolescent women are being influenced and affected by the media. The media includes anything from magazines, television shows, billboards, radio advertisements, comme rcials, newspapers and more. Through the media, women are being exposed to all forms of advertisements, including images that display misleading figures of women. These advertisements do not feature women with large hips, wide shoulders, lengthy arms or fuller figures. Instead, the women found on the front pages of magazinesRead MoreThe Effects Of Beauty Standards On Body Image1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Beauty Standards Understanding the effects of beauty standards to both men and women requires research of both sexes and different orientations in regard to the influence the media has on them. While cultural standards contribute to beauty standards, media carries most of the responsibility for swaying public opinion of attractiveness. In order to find an answer as to why certain beauty standards currently exist, one must examine the root cause: media. 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The media can change the portrayal of models in magazines, television, billboards, etc. By portraying unrealistic models, studies can conclude that it causes a negative effect on men and women leading to eating disorders, self-esteem problems, and possibly even sometimes more dramatic a ctions such as suicide (Groesz, Levine, and MurnenRead MoreThe Influences Of Mass Media On Society864 Words   |  4 PagesThe Influences of Mass Media on Society For the greater majority of the American society, the presence of mass media is a normal part of everyday lives. With the purpose of mass media being to educate, entertain and inform, the excessive violence, self imaging, and lack of full detail on world events, is having negative influences and unhealthy impacts on society. As early as the 1920s, a form of the media has been present in the American society. Although broadcasted content wasRead MoreGangster Rap - The Negative Impact on Identity Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesKilbourne, a media specialist, raises an interesting point in one of her lectures when she states, â€Å"The average American is exposed to 3000 advertisements per day. Yet, everyone in America still feels personally exempt from the media. They say, â€Å"I don’t pay attention to ads. I just tune them out. They have no effect on me.†Ã¢â‚¬  She later states most of the people who have said this to her were wearing Gapâ„ ¢ tee-shirts. Whether people realize it or not, there is a direct correlation between the media and anRead MoreObjectification Of Women And Women1462 Words   |  6 PagesObjectification of women works with benevolent sexism to further oppress women in the media through its effects on self-esteem and well-being. Rollero’s (2013) article â€Å"Men and women facing objectification: The effects of media models on well-being, s elf-esteem and ambivalent sexism† examines media representations of men and women and how they are related to levels of sexism and psychological well-being. The literature on objectification has mostly indicated the connection between viewing objectified media representationsRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesOver the duration of time, I have noticed the great deal of power that media has influenced on how women ought to appear. The relationship between social media and its users is a high effect on people and causes many problems. We are constantly thrown images of women and men to categorize what is eye catching. It has been clear that social media has blossomed in the last few decades to only deliver us with messages. Social media is applying to us, that looking more like the Kardashians and less like

Employee Resourcing Working within the Legislative Framework

Question: Task 1 - Define flexible working within the legislative framework within the EU, and Critically discuss the implications , both legally and with regards to good practice, when recruiting staff to work flexibly. Relevant examples must be given to support the answers. Task 2- (a) Critically evaluate the impact of the flexible working hours upon the organization (Sysdoc Group) used in the case study, and its employees' performance. Examples must also be used to collaborate the answer. ( b) Draw conclusions and make any relevant recommendations that may be of benefit to Sysdoc Group and to employers considering implementing similar flexible working practices. Answer: Introduction It can be said that increasing as well as elasticity of functioning time is one of the major as well as important element of the European employment strategy. Therefore, it can be stated that the enterprises must become further elastic in regards to counter to the unexpected changes in command as well as adapt to several new and innovative knowledge and stay in a location to innovate continuously to linger spirited (Ajuria et al. 2012). This particular research work would focus on defining flexible working within the legislative framework within European Union and discussing the implications. Apart from that, the research work would try to evaluate the impact of the flexible working hours on the selected organization Sysdoc Group. Moreover, the performances of the employees would be addressed as well and at the end of the study, some of the effective recommendations would be provided. Defining flexible working within the legislative framework within European Union Workplace flexibility can be defined as the potentiality to have some control over when, how and where work is properly accomplished. European board has stated that workplace flexibility takes into account working hours along with working place and working practices (Dancaster 2014). Therefore, it can be said that there exist a variety of short as well as long term provisions and practices that accumulates under the umbrella of leave, purchased leave along with special leave, study leave and bereavement leave as well as career breaks. However, in a nutshell it can be said that flexible working provides the employees of an organization the flexibility on their working conditions and this help them to keep balance between work life and personal life (Dipoppa and Gutkin 2013). In European Union , it has been seen that it is not only the parents who necessitate flexible working, present demographics as well as an ageing populace and one in six workers have the eldercare responsibilities and demand flexible working hour (Equality-law.co.uk 2016). In the current years, the government has started to acknowledge the consequence of work-life equilibrium concerns by introducing a variety of laws in order to support the employees. Apart from basically obeying with the legislation, several companies are beginning to recognize the compensation of trying to assemble the demand of flexible functioning (Allen et al. 2013). However, it is important to mention that the public sectors have comparatively better reputation than the private sectors for flexible working practices, but there are some areas where the policies are not properly taken up (Dancaster 2014). The right to request flexible working is comparatively new idea and provide the employees the authority to request a change to their working pattern and for that purpose, the request is required to consider deeply by the employers. Part time working, flexitime, occupation allocation, condensed hours, home working, V time and Term-time working are some of the most common working requests (Dipoppa and Gutkin 2013). Dancaster (2014) has started that the hours and times populace work have forever been a core subject to modify, but the pace of this transform at present are more rapid than ever due to some crucial reasons. The CEO of the company sysdoc has always focused on flexibility culture and has embraced such ac culture where the employees enjoy flexibility in their working place. The company focuses on flexible location, flexible hours, flexible patterns and flexible rostering system (Anderson 2015). Euromonitor International, Bank of England and Mediamath are some of the companies that have incorporated flexible working hour in their working culture. All these industries are entirely different in terms of their size and industry; however, they have some common features in terms of flexibility. Unibet, Equal Experts and Holiday Extras as well are also in the list and these all takes into account flexibility in their working curriculum (Anderson 2014). This is because of the facts that customers at present expected to have goods as well as services obtainable outside the conventional functioning hours and the organizations want to match their business requirements with the style their employees work. Most importantly, the individuals want to achieve a comparatively better equilibrium between work and the home life. In this part, it is required to mention the statutory approaches to the work place flexibility (Equality-law.co.uk 2016). In UK, there are some specific laws that are explicit laws to the employees caring for their children or the needy adults. It has been found that in different nations this takes form of the part time work throughout parental abscond and an alternative not easily obtainable to the UK parents. In UK, elastic working statutes were introduced in order to increase labor force participation, especially for the mothers and to address the short term as well as long term labor shortages. However, it is required to mention that the gender impartiality has not been the preliminary inspiration for the flexible working commandments with some exceptions of the Nordic counties and the Netherlands (Equality-law.co.uk 2016). It has been seen that the UK benefits from the widespread tendency data on the elastic working and this is comparatively much fewer the case in other nations and prepares a cross country contrasts of the impact of dissimilar laws complicated. In this regards, it is important to say that several UK surveys have shown that the availability of flexible work options has significantly amplified since the proper prologue of Right to Request and this is unbeaten in opening admittance to the flexible working options that do not lead to diminution of remuneration (Galea et al. 2014). In UK, it has been seen that the workers in the administrative jobs are less expected to appeal for the condensed hours and when they do, they are less liable to be successful. Therefore, it can be stated that the flexible working statutes are considering one of the key roles in changing this, but this is required to be carried by broader strategy events to confront working time norms in the senior places of the organization (Hrning et al. 2015). It can be found that in absence of the well developed workplace instruments for dispute resolution, more UK employees turn to the tribunals. This point is required to analyze from the gender equity point of view and it can be found that the increased flexibility in the working hours must be rated positively in as much as more individualized working hours can assist the workers to resolve their work compulsions and the personal life (Healy 2014). At the time of recruiting the staffs in the workplace, the organization must be legally clear to the concerns of work flexibility. The statutory right to request for flexible working was introduced in UK in the year 2002, permits succeeding employees to apply to their concerned managers for some certain changes to their terms and conditions of employment connecting to their hours, times or the location of the work. However, it is important to mention that as practically designed, the right applied to the inadequate categories of the workers with the parental as well as thoughtful responsibilities (Kapelyushnikov et al. 2012). The Children and Families Act of 2014 extended the right to all the employees with 26weeks continuous employment. Therefore, it is easily understood that the flexible working is considered as one of the means of enabling the employees of an organization to balance their personal and the working lives as well benefiting the employers in terms of the workforce recruitment. These reasons have encouraged the continuing addition since 2002 of the right to request flexible working has been greatly carried by several commerce organizations and are subject to extensive supporting agreement (Leslie et al. 2012). Critically evaluating the impact of flexible working hours upon Sysdoc Group and the performance of the employees In order to analyze the impact of flexible hour on the organization as well as the performance of the employees, Sysdoc Group has been taken into consideration. Sysdoc group is a leading management consultancy who has been specialized in change management along with business method expansion and proper administration of knowledge. The companionship has adopted a customer centric approach and thus has tapped into a team of highly capable consultants, who have been looking for more flexible employer (Limited 2015). It can be said that although Sysdoc group does not have a specific policy on the flexible timing, rather it has a range of measures in order to support proper work life balance like value-based recruitment strategy, recruiting for attitude as well as training for the specified skills, extensive part time working taking into account the senior managers of the company along with encouraging the work life balance amongst all the existing staffs. Moreover, the company has included the goals of life along with the professional goals in case of the performance appraisals (Limited 2016). The management of the company often says that it often exceed the expectations of the clients whilst making sure that the counselors accomplish proper work life equilibrium. Moreover, working unnecessary hours are tried to keep at the smallest level. Nevertheless, it is identified that is one of the notable two way procedure and desires for flexible working timings, which must be unbiased against the requirements of the commerce. Recent report has found that the company Sysdoc has been delighted to receive a prestigious award for being one of the top 30 employers for the working families UK (Ngui et al. 2014). At the company, it can be found that the company has gradually developed a set of values along with a proper work culture that embraces the full person, identifying the importance of retaining them and enhancing the talent within the company. Syndoc group look for the people who fit in with company culture as well as share the values. In the part timing working facility, the company tries to facilitate the working whenever it is possible and this has found that it is normally augments successful completion of the projects of the company. In case of work life balance, it can be seen that half of the employees of the company have said that they had taken time off with full company hold up, for the family procedures outside of the working place (Noon et al. 2013). Google, John Lewis and Microsoft are some of the leading organizations that have embraced flexible working hours in their curriculum and thus the employees in these organizations are highly satisfied with their work experience (Anderson 2014). One of the major parts of the company is that the company gives pressure to none of the consultants to work on any of the projects that takes them away from the families. If the consultant is required to choose that option, them the company helps the entire family to move to the client location. In case of performance appraisals, the company Sysdoc encourages both the professional and the individual accomplishment by ensuring that the company is well aware of the life goals and the ambition of the concerned team. From the company profile, it can be said that while there is a formal equal chances as well as the diversity policy and Sysdoc does not have a written flexible working policy (Pedersen and Lewis 2012). The management of the company has demonstrated that at the time of working with the potential clients, the company focuses at several different ways of delivering their projects and this takes into account the building a multi talented team that successfully accommodate the companys flexible working by the consultants. Therefore, it can be stated that the management of the company is well aware of maintaining workplace flexibility and this enhances the performances of the employees and the company enjoy a growth in their business (Wallace et al. 2015). It has been observed that Sysdoc is obstinate that 60 hour weeks are not compulsory to distribute any particular projects productively and a senior consultant plays one of the major roles on every project in guaranteeing that it is distributed in line with the set values of the organization along with the rigorous principles of presentations. Therefore, it can be easily seen that the company focuses on flexible working hours within the legislative framework within the European Union. However it has been seen that the company has failed to maintain the flexible hour policy and this has hampered the productivity of the employees to a large extent. Apart from that, it has been found that the company helps in moving the entire family to the client location and this is one of the major causes of disappointment among the employees of Sysdoc group (Wetherly and Otter 2014). Conclusion and recommendations After looking at defining the flexible working within the legislative framework, it has been found that this is one of the leading topics to discuss. Moreover, to understand the topic more clearly, Sysdoc Group has been taken into consideration. It has been observed that the company has embraced many policies to maintain flexible working hours for the employees. However, some of the policies of Sysdoc have affected the employees and this part is thus required to revise. The company is required to adopt some alternative policies rather than arranging for the families of the consultants to move to the client location. Apart from that, the company has failed to keep their policies and practices related to flexible working and this has hampered the reputation of the company. It has been already been seen that Sysdoc has received a prestigious award for being one of the top most companies for the working families and to hold on this position, the company is required to incorporate more in novative practices in their system to attract the attention of the employees. References Ajuria, J., Ugarte, I., Cambarau, W., Etxebarria, I., Tena-Zaera, R. and Pacios, R., 2012. Insights on the working principles of flexible and efficient ITO-free organic solar cells based on solution processed Ag nanowire electrodes.Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,102, pp.148-152. Allen, T.D., Johnson, R.C., Kiburz, K.M. and Shockley, K.M., 2013. Workfamily conflict and flexible work arrangements: Deconstructing flexibility.Personnel Psychology,66(2), pp.345-376. Anderson, E. (2014). The top 25 places to work in the UK. Does your company make the list?. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/jobs/11283053/The-top-25-places-to-work-in-the-UK.-Does-your-company-make-the-list.html [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016]. Anderson, E. (2015). Fed up with the daily grind? These are the top 20 employers for work-life balance. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/jobs/11755932/Fed-up-with-the-daily-grind-These-are-the-top-20-employers-for-work-life-balance.html [Accessed 31 Mar. 2016]. Dancaster, L., 2014. Work-life balance and the legal right to request flexible working arrangements.South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences,9(2), pp.175-186. Dipoppa, M. and Gutkin, B.S., 2013. Flexible frequency control of cortical oscillations enables computations required for working memory.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(31), pp.12828-12833. Equality-law.co.uk. 2016. Best Practice Case Studies in Flexible Working :: Equality Law :: Promoting Equality, Preventing Discrimination. [online] Available at: https://www.equality-law.co.uk/news/1029/66/Best-Practice-Case-Studies-in-Flexible-Working/ [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016]. Equality-law.co.uk. 2016. Flexible Working Today :: Equality Law :: Promoting Equality, Preventing Discrimination. [online] Available at: https://www.equality-law.co.uk/news/1730/66/Flexible-Working-Today/ [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016]. Galea, C., Houkes, I. and De Rijk, A., 2014. An insider's point of view: how a system of flexible working hours helps employees to strike a proper balance between work and personal life.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(8), pp.1090-1111. Healy, K., 2014.Social work theories in context: Creating frameworks for practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Hrning, K.H., Gerhardt, A. and Michailow, M., 2015.Time pioneers: Flexible working time and new lifestyles. John Wiley Sons. Kapelyushnikov, R., Kuznetsov, A. and Kuznetsova, O., 2012. The role of the informal sector, flexible working time and pay in the Russian labour market model.Post-communist economies,24(2), pp.177-190. Leslie, L.M., Manchester, C.F., Park, T.Y. and Mehng, S.A., 2012. Flexible work practices: A source of career premiums or penalties?.Academy of Management Journal,55(6), pp.1407-1428. Limited, S. 2015. Sysdoc among the 30 Top Employers for Working Families once again. [online] Sysdoc. Available at: https://www.sysdocgroup.com/blog/2015/09/sysdoc-among-the-30-top-employers-for-working-families-once-again [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016]. Limited, S. 2016. SysdocHome. [online] Sysdocgroup.com. Available at: https://www.sysdocgroup.com/ [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016]. Ngui, T.K., Elegwa, M. and Gachunga, H.G., 2014. Effects of Employee Resourcing Strategies on the Performance of Kenya Commercial Banks in Kenya.International Journal of Education and Research,2(1), pp.1-20. Noon, M., Blyton, P. and Morrell, K., 2013.The realities of work: Experiencing work and employment in contemporary society. Palgrave Macmillan. Pedersen, V.B. and Lewis, S., 2012. Flexible friends? Flexible working time arrangements, blurred work-life boundaries and friendship.Work, Employment Society,26(3), pp.464-480. Wallace, H., Pollack, M.A. and Young, A.R. eds., 2015.Policy-making in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA. Wetherly, P. and Otter, D., 2014.The business environment: themes and issues in a globalizing world. Oxford University Press.

Stradano’s Allegorical Invention of the Americas in Late Sixteenth

Stradano’s Allegorical Invention of the Americas in Late Sixteenth-Century Florence part 1 Essay by LIA MARKEY This essay situates Giovanni Stradano’s engravings of the discovery of the Americas from the Americae Retectio and Nova Reperta series within the context of their design in late sixteenthcentury Florence, where the artist worked at the Medici court and collaborated with the dedicatee of the prints, Luigi Alamanni. Through an analysis of the images in relation to contemporary texts about the navigators who traveled to the Americas, as well as classical sources, emblems, and works of art in diverse media—tapestry, print, ephemera, and fresco—the study argues that Stradano’s allegorical representations of the Americas were produced in order to make clear Florence’s role in the invention of the New World. Outline1 INTRODUCTION2   STRADANO, ALAMANNI, AND THE ACCADEMIA DEGLI ALTERATI3 SOURCES AT THE MEDICI COURT4 AMERICA UNVEILED INTRODUCTION We will write a custom essay on Stradano’s Allegorical Invention of the Americas in Late Sixteenth-Century Florence part 1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the late 1580s, nearly a century after the travels of Columbus and Vespucci, Giovanni Stradano (also known as Jan Van der Straet and Johannes Stradanus, 1523–1605) designed engravings in two print series representing the discovery of the New World. In the renowned prints navigators are fashioned as mythological heroes, and Stradano’s images suggest a fantasia, or dream, rather than a record of newsworthy events. The Americae Retectio series includes an elaborate frontispiece (fig. 1) and three prints (figs. 2–4) in chronological order that depict Christopher Columbus Giovanni Stradano, Frontispiece for the Americae Retectio series, late1580s. Engraving. Private collection. (1451–1506), Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512), and Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521).1 Two prints from Stradano’s Nova Reperta series similarly unite allegorical imagery with captions to portray Vespucci’s encounter with the New World (figs. 5 and 6).2 The Nova Reperta series includes nineteen prints, each representing a different invention or discovery of the recent centuries, ranging from the cure for syphilis to the production of silk.3 Stradano’s four Americae Retectio prints and these two Nova Reperta prints possess similar iconography, and all were dedicated to members of the Alamanni family and first printed by the Galle publishing house in the late 1580s and early 1590s. Giovanni Stradano, Columbus in the Americae Retectio series, late1580s. Engraving. Private collection. Since the late sixteenth century, Stradano’s prints depicting the Americas have been used as artistic sources by artists and printmakers, and more recently as illustrations for scholars writing about the interaction between the Old and New Worlds. The roles of both Stradano and the Alamanni in the creation of the prints have often been disregarded, and they are frequently solely attributed to the Flemish printmaker and publisher. In the early seventeenth century, the Northern printmaking family, the De Brys, reproduced the Americae Retectio series with few alterations, and the Stradano designs are therefore often mistakenly attributed to the De Brys.4 Since Michel de Certeau’s use of Stradano’s America image (fig. 5) from the Nova Reperta series on the frontispiece of his 1975 The Writing of History, Stradano’s prints and their reproductions by De Bry have served to illustrate Giovanni Stradano, Vespucci in the Americae Retectio series, late 1580s.Engraving. Private collection countless texts about the discovery of America and colonialism.5 Despite the popularity of the images, and the recent fascination with promoting Stradano’s America in particular as a representation of the colonial Other, the works have not been fully considered within the context in which they were produced, and even their complex iconography remains largely unexplored.6 Most recently, Michael Gaudio has called for a reevaluation of Stradano’s America in relation to ‘‘the very real space of the engraver’s Giovanni Stradano, Magellan in the Americae Retectio series, late Giovanni Stradano, Magellan in the Americae Retectio series, late 1580s. Engraving. Private collection. workshop where this print was made.’’7 Yet this print was conceived, not in the engraver’s workshop, but rather on Stradano’s page. The prints were repositories of factual and fictional information gathered by reading, speaking, and writing about these celebrated navigators among a circumscribed group of individuals in Florence. This study argues that the America print, along with Stradano’s five other New World images, must be examined together within the context of his circle. The first part of this study therefore establishes the cultural environment of the prints’ production in late sixteenth-century Florence. Examination of Stradano’s experience as a print designer and Medici court artist, and of Luigi Alamanni’s involvement in the Florentine Accademia degli Alterati, provides critical insight into the creation of these images.8 Stradano designed the prints around the time of Ferdinando de’ Medici’s (1549†“1609) 1588 accession as Grand Duke. Previously Stradano had been involved in the creation of allegorical paintings, ephemera, and cartography Giovanni Stradano, America in the Nova Reperta series, late 1580s. Engraving. Bridgeman-Giraudon/Art Resource, NY. for Medici propaganda under Ferdinando’s father, Grand Duke Cosimo de’ Medici (1519–74), and his brother, Grand Duke Francesco de’ Medici (1541–87). At the Medici court he would have encountered objects from, texts about, and images of the New World. Though the Medici were not involved in the colonization of the Americas, and they themselves were subsumed under the sovereignty of Spain, Grand Duke Ferdinando sought to strengthen cultural and economic ties with the New World during his reign. The second part of the essay closely examines the text and image of each print in relation to this milieu. Captions on the prints, chosen by the Alamanni, and Stradano’s inscriptions on the related preparatory drawings reveal specific sources for, and ideas behind, the conception of the images.9 Using the textual materials available about the New World and stimulated both by contemporary epic literature written about the navigators and by ancient sources such as Lucretius, Stradano produced allegorical images that borrow from emblems and imprese, court frescoes, festivals, tapestries, cartography, and other printed images. These other media provided an allegorical visual language that was familiar to sixteenthcentury viewers. The Astrolabe in the Nova Reperta series, late 1580s. Engraving. , Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York. width=581 height=425 /> Giovanni Stradano, The Astrolabe in the Nova Reperta series, late1580s. Engraving. , Rare Book and Manuscript Library,Columbia University in the City of New York. media provided an allegorical visual language that was familiar to sixteenthcentury viewers. According to Jose ´ Rabasa, in Stradano’s prints and especially the America engraving, ‘‘newness is produced by means of discursive arrangements of more or less readily recognized descriptive motifs.’’10 These ‘‘descriptive motifs’’ to which Rabasa alludes are produced through the construction of complex allegorical narratives comprised of emblematic compositions that incorporate the representation of gods and navigators alongside personifications of the New World, fantastical monsters, hybrid creatures, and ancient gods. These discursive and anachronistic images would have seemed customary, and would have been comprehensible, to the prints’ late sixteenth-century audience. Yet as Sabine MacCormack has explained, there were ‘‘limits of understanding’’ in constructions of the New World, for images â⠂¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬Ëœdid not on their own lead to a significantly new perception of Greco-Roman antiquity or of the Americas.’’11 By framing the New World in recognizable allegorical imagery, Stradano’s engravings could declare the novel idea that the New World was a Florentine invention and patriotically revel in these discoveries.12 In his seminal study on mythology and allegory in the Renaissance, The Survival of the Pagan Gods, Jean Seznec writes that ‘‘basically, allegory is often sheer imposture, used to reconcile the irreconcilable.’’13 Indeed, these images do just that: theymake no reference to the Spanish, overtly connect the New World to Italy, and, with the figure of Vespucci in particular, highlight Florence’s role in the discovery. Fraught with temporal clashes between the old (pagan mythology) and the new (the discovery and invention of the Americas) the prints, disseminated throughout the world, made America part of Florence ’s history, even though in reality the New World played a small role in Florence’s past and present. This claim could be made only through the language of allegory because implicit in allegory lies fantasy and the notion that the representations are imaginary.   STRADANO, ALAMANNI, AND THE ACCADEMIA DEGLI ALTERATI As is common in sixteenth-century engravings, the captions on the prints make clear that their production was the result of a collaboration between the designer or inventor (Stradano), the printmaker and publisher (Galle and Collaert), and the dedicatee or patron (the Alamanni). A Flemish artist who began working at the Medici court sometime before 1554 first as cartoon designer for Grand Duke Cosimo’s new tapestry workshop and then as an artist under Giorgio Vasari (1511–74), Stradano was by the 1560s a relatively well-known independent artist living in Florence.14 He was an active member of the Accademia del Disegno and secured commissions for paintings and frescoes at the Medici court and also from private patrons and churches in Tuscany. Stradano was also involved in the production of several court festivals and weddings, and in the 1570s he worked briefly in Naples and in Flanders for John of Austria.15 The artist is best known for his large number of preparatory drawings for prints and tapestries that illustrate and document life at the Medici court, significant battles, hunts, as well as other current events, and religious subjects. Stradano established a partnership with the Galles, a family who ran a print publishing house in Antwerp, where most of his print designs, such as the engravings in these two series, were produced initially under Philips Galle (1537–1612).16 The family business was subsequently taken over by Philips Galle’s son, Theodor (1571–1633), and then his grandson Johannes (1600–76). Accordingly, the first two editions of the Americae Retectio prints cite Philips Galle as the printer and Philips’s son-in-law, Adriaen Collaert (1560–1618), as the engraver, while the second edition names Johannes Galle as the printer.17 Similarly, the first edition of the Nova Reperta series labels Philips Galle as the printer of the first edition, and then Theodor and Johannes Galle are credited with the two subsequent editions.18 A comparison between the engravings themselves and Stradano’s six finished preparatory drawings for the prints — five are in the Laurentian Library in Florence and the ‘‘America’’ print is housed in The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City (fig. 7) — makes clear that the Galles reproduced Stradano’s drawings with great precision and had little input into the content or style of the prints. They did, however, likely control when the prints would be published, how much they cost, and where they would be sold and distributed. Though little is known about the dissemination of the prints and though the prints are undated, a 1589 date on the Vespucci preparatory drawing in the Americae Retectio series (Laurentian Library) provides a d ate for Stradano’s drawings and suggests that the prints were produced soon after this time.19 It is believed that at least four editions of the Nova Reperta series were printed between 1591 and 1638, and that the Americae Retectio series was first printed in 1589 and then reissued in 1592 for the one-hundredth anniversary of Columbus’s discovery.20 Luigi (1558–1603) and Ludovico Alamanni are both cited as ‘‘noblemen of Florence’’ in the caption on the Americae Retectio frontispiece, but only America, late 1580s. Pen and brown ink, brown wash, heightened with white, over black chalk. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image copyright  The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY. width=614 height=464 /> Giovanni Stradano, America, late 1580s. Pen and brown ink, brown wash, heightened with white, over black chalk. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image copyright  The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY. Luigi is named on the Nova Reperta frontispiece.21 Gert Jan Van der Sman has pointed out that Stradano refers to Luigi Alamanni as the auctor intellectualis, or ‘‘intellectual advisor,’’ of many of his print designs in various inscriptions on preparatory drawings and sketches, and has considered Alamanni’s scholarship as a catalyst for many of Stradano’s designs.22 Luigi Alamanni commissioned other works by Stradano, such as a series of drawings of Dante’s Divine Comedy, a series illustrating Homer’s Odyssey, and some of the prints from a series representing different types of hunting.23 Most of the preparatory drawings for the Americae Retectio prints and the drawings for the Dante series are today located in the same archival album of the Laurentian Library in Florence, indicating that they were conserved together by the Alamanni.24 The dates of the sheets, including the date on one of the American drawings, range from 1587 to 1 589, indicating that they were produced in Florence during this two-year period of time. The album is composed of fifty-six drawings: fifty illustrate canti from the Divine Comedy, four are preparatory drawings for the Americae Retectio series, one is a preparatory drawing for the print of Vespucci and the astrolabe from the Nova Reperta series, and one is a preparatory drawing for the frontispiece for Stradano’s Calcius series — an unfinished series presumably dedicated to soccer.25 Alamanni wrote copious notes on Dante in this album, and perhaps even did some of the drawings in it, demonstrating that he was closely involved in the creation of Stradano’s images.26 He can also be credited with providing titles for the Dante drawings in the album, since his hand is visible on some of Stradano’s signed drawings. .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .postImageUrl , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:hover , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:visited , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:active { border:0!important; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:active , .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7 .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubaaf7aa6eff219fb77ed8af9005637b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: European Renaissance ">That the preparatory drawings for the Americae Retectio series and for the Vespucci ‘‘Astrolabe’’ print returned to Florence after they were engraved, and were placed together in the album with these important Dante drawings, demonstrates that they were considered to be important collectibles for the Alamanni. In 1587, when Alamanni and Stradano were producing the Dante drawings representing hell, Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) presented two lectures to the Accademia Fiorentina on the ‘‘Shape, Site and Size of the Inferno of Dante.’’27 Thomas Settle proposes that the letters from Alamanni to Gal ileo from this period make clear that some of these illustrations in Alamanni’s album were created in conjunction with Galileo’s work, or that Galileo even had a hand in their design.28 The drawings of the navigators also include extensive notes, in Flemish and in Stradano’s hand, to the printmakers. Stradano wrote in the captions at the base of the drawings and added several explanatory notes in the margins in order to describe some of the iconography in the images to the printmakers.29 Therefore, these drawings included important notes and ideas of Galileo and Stradano that Alamanni felt were worthy of safekeeping. During the time in which Stradano was producing the preparatory drawings for the prints, Luigi Alamanni was an active member of the Accademia degli Alterati, a literary group for whom the discovery of the New World was a subject of inquiry. A smaller and more private academy in comparison with other Florentine Cinquecento academies, such as the Accademia Fiorentina and the Accademia della Crusca, the Accademia degli Alterati began in 1569 among a group of Florentine noblemen who met frequently to discuss theoretical and technical issues related to their own writing and to other authors, particularly ancient poets, as well as Dante, Ariosto, and Tasso.30 Members included individuals from prominent Florentine families, such as the Ricasoli, Neroni, Rucellai, Davanzati, and Albizzi. Two of the more famousmembers of the academy were Filippo Sassetti (1540–88), amerchant who traveled to India and whose letters from abroad are informative about India and the New World, and Giovanni Battista Strozzi (1551–1634), the author of both an epic poem about Vespucci and an elaborate Vespucci intermezzo for Prince Cosimo II de’Medici’smarriage celebration in 1608. In an undated document Strozzi wrote out a list of potential discussion topics for the Alterati: one of them included whether ‘‘the discovery of the Indies was damning or useful to our country.’’31 According to academy member Jacopo Soldani’s funeral oration for Alamanni, Luigi suggested that a poem be written about the navigator in order ‘‘to render more glorious his country.’’ Not coincidentally, Sassetti and Strozzi were writing about the Americas in the years just preceding Stradano’s design of these American prints for the Alamanni. Sassetti was an esteemedmember of the Academy before his travels around the world, and many of the letters that Sassetti wrote on his journey were sent to members of the group, such as Bernardo Davanzati, Pietro Vettori, Francesco Buonamici, and Strozzi.33 Although Sassetti does not write about his brief experience in America, some of his letters refer to the discoveries of Vespucci an d Columbus.34 In December 1585, Sassetti wrote passionately to his friend Michele Saladini, a Florentine merchant living in Pisa, of Columbus’s route and discovery, and then explained: ‘‘But to return to Columbus once more, I do not think that his glory was dictated by the action of the wind . . . and I in particular know this so much so that I have helped and urged our Tender one to write about it: a worthy work of such greatness and wonder as to compete with the story of Ulysses. ’’35 ‘‘Our Tender one’’ here is the Accademia degli Alterati’s pseudonym for Giovanni Battista Strozzi. The comment that Columbus’s story rivals Ulysses’s tale is intriguing, since Alamanni was involved with Stradano in producing an illustrated edition of Homer’s epic poem that never came to fruition. This citation from Sassetti’s letter clearly shows that already by 1585 Sassetti had contacted Strozzi about writing a poem about Columbus’s heroic travels. But Strozzi chose to write about Vespucci rather than Columbus.36 He likely began writing the poem in the mid-1580s, when he and Sassetti were obviously engaged in a discourse on the importance of writing about the Italian navigators.37 Strozzi could have also been influenced by Giulio Cesare Stella’s (1564–1624) epic poem about Columbus, and perhaps it was knowledge of Stella’s poem that provoked Strozzi to write of Vespucci inste ad of Columbus.38 In 1590, Il Colombeide (The Columbeis, 1589), Stella’s romantic text based on the writings of Gonzalo Ferna ´ndez de Oviedo y Valde ´s (1478–1557) and PeterMartyr d’Anghiera (1457–1526) and describing Columbus’s discovery and interaction with the natives, was sent to the Accademia degli Alterati.39 Certainly the Academy knew of Stella’s poem earlier, since it had already been published in a pirated version in London in 1585. Similar to Stella’s poem, Strozzi’s text about Vespucci boasts of the navigator’s Florentine origins and describes him as a mythological hero. The writings of Sassetti, Stella, and Strozzi, who were all involved in the Accademia degli Alterati, reveal that Alamanni and members of the Academy were discussing the accomplishments of Vespucci as well. That Luigi Alamanni wrote and read Sassetti’s funeral oration and that the two men exchanged letters, suggests that they were not only colleagues, but close friends as well.40 Stradano’s preparatory drawings for the prints were born out of these literary activities, which were related to the discovery of the New World as considered among the Alterati. SOURCES AT THE MEDICI COURT Stradano and Alamanni had other ways in which to gain information about the New World that might have provoked the production of these prints. Another Alamanni family member, Vincenzo di Andrea Alamanni (1537–91), had access to news about the Americas. From the late 1570s to the 1580s, he was an ambassador employed first by Grand Duke Francesco de’ Medici (1547–87) and then by Grand Duke Ferdinando de’ Medici to work at the Spanish court in Madrid, where he supplied information about imports from the Americas and sent updates about shipments being sent from Portugal to the Medici-controlled port at Livorno.41 It was Vincenzo Alamanni who was entrusted with the acquisition of Father Giovanni Pietro Maffei’s Historiarum indicarum (History of the Indies, 1588)—a book about the conversion and history of the natives of both the New World and Asia — on behalf of Grand Duke Ferdinando.42 Before defining the significance of Maffei’s text for Stradano, it is necessary to expand on Grand Duke Ferdinando’s cultural politics in relation to the Americas, since Stradano’s prints evoke the interests of the duke during this first year of his dukedom. In 1588, Ferdinando left his position as cardinal in Rome to become Grand Duke of Florence, following the sudden death of his brother Francesco. In Rome he had been an avid collector of American objects, such as featherwork and hammocks: more importantly, he became the custodian of an important manuscript about Mexico, the Historia general de las cosas de Nueva EspanËÅ"a (General History of the Things of New Spain), a codex written by the Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagu ´n (1499–1590).43 This manuscript recording the history and nature of New Spain was banned by King Philip II and was likely entrusted to Ferdinando because he was cardinal protectorate of the Franciscan order and possessed an interest in the Americas. He brought these treasures to Florence and commissioned Ludovico Buti (1560–1611) to fresco American natives and a scene of the conquest of Mexico in his Armory, a space for entertaining visiting dignitaries. Though Ferdinando and his Medici predecessors had no concrete ties to the Americas, in subsequent years he would devote himself to the development of the port of Livorno and to the creation of a colony—or at least an outpost—in the New World.44 Ferdinando’s support of the publication of Maffei’s book on the land, people, and conversion of the New World and Asia was therefore relevant to both his political agenda and to his religious and cultural interests. The patronage of the book began during his cardinalship and the text was ultimately published in 1588 after he became Grand Duke and while Stradano was working on these print designs. Stradano refers to Maffei’s text in an inscription on the verso of the preparatory drawing for the â⠂¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ËœAmerica’’ print (fig. 5) for the Nova Reperta series.45 He writes with regard to one of the novel animals he portrayed in the drawing: ‘‘See volume II of the Bergomese Jesuit Pietro Maffei’s Historiarum Indicarum.’’46 Stradano used Maffei and other contemporary textual sources about the New World when designing the iconography of the prints in his Venationes (Animal Hunt) suite of 104 engravings, also printed by the Galle family, begun as early as 1570 and initially dedicated to the Medici.47 Several of the prints in the series depict natives in feather skirts and headdresses in idyllic landscapes, where they are seen procuring birds, animals, and pearls in great abundance and using novel means. For example, the print for the ‘‘American Indians catching geese with gourds’’ (fig. 8) illustrates an unusual style of hunting that was described in great detail in Oviedo’s De la natural hystoria de las Indias (Natural History of the Indies, 1526).48 These same Native Americans are also depicted in the scene of natives using pelicans to fish, a Chinese method of fishing with birds described in Maffei’s History.49 Stradano also used Jose ´ de Acosta’s (1539–1600) Historia natural y moral de las Indias (Natural and Moral History of the Indies, 1590) for his preparatory drawings for a never-produced print of ‘‘Indians smoking out animals.’’50 This was another unusual means of hunting in which Mexicans set fire to land in order to force animals out of hiding and then capture them.51 In comparison with the images of hunters in the Venationes series, Stradano’s New World representations in the Americae Retectio and the Nova Reperta appear fanciful. While many of the hunt prints are certainly imaginary, their subject matter and the series as a whole are more ethnographic in conception, endeavoring to portray realistic representations of different types of hunting throughout the world. By contrast, while perhaps also based on the writings of Maffei, Oviedo, and Giovanni Stradano, Indians Hunting for Geese with Gourds in theVenationes series, 1580s. Engraving. , Rare Book andManuscript Library, Columbia University in the City of New York. de Acosta, the Americae Retectio and Nova Reperta prints of the Americas neither reflect current events nor endeavor to portray the New World realistically. In this way, they are more similar to some of the allegorical paintings and cartography produced at the Medici court. As a member of the Accademia del Disegno in Florence and as a participant in Vasari’s workshop at the court, Stradano would have been continually confronted with the use of emblems and imprese in art.52 For instance, Stradano likely aided Vasari with the frescoes in the Sala degli Elementi in the Palazzo Vecchio from the late 1550s, which were commissioned by Duke Cosimo and employed imprese.53 Two of Vasari’s frescoed walls, like each of Stradano’s prints, feature a hero or god in the center of the composition acting out a narrative: Saturn is offered fruits on one wall and Venus rises from the sea (fig. 9) on the adjacent wall.54 In the waters surrounding these figures emblematic compositions — such as a symbol of abundance with her cornucopia (at left on the Saturn wall); a turtle with a sail alluding to one of Cosimo’s favorite mottos borrowed from Augustus, festina lente (‘‘make haste slowly,’’ at right on the Saturn wall); and a triton blowing into a shell, representing fame (at right on the Venus wall)—reveal different aspects of Medici power. Francesca Fiorani has shown how these emblematic frescoes in the Palazzo Vecchio communicated Medici control over the cosmos in a similar way as the cartography produced at the court.55 Stradano himself made maps for the private rooms in the Palazzo Vecchio and was ce rtainly aware of the traditional use of allegory in cartography.56 .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .postImageUrl , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:hover , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:visited , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:active { border:0!important; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:active , .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5831c7045b77c18b8eda858cfaa3a2ef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Carolingian Renaissance EssayHe would have known well Egnazio Danti’s (1536–86) and Stefano Buonsignori’s (d. 1589) painted maps in Cosimo’s Guardaroba Nuova, a collection space comprised of cabinets decorated with different parts of the world, begun in 1563 and left unfinished in the 1580s.57 Here the artists-cartographers incorporated fantastic and mythological creatures in their stunningly accurate portrayals of different regions. In Stradano’s prints the visual morphology of allegory, as seen in Vasari’s frescoes and in maps produced at the Medici court, are united with knowledge about the New World acquired through circulating texts and news in order to convey a message regarding Florence’s propitious role in the Americas. AMERICA UNVEILED The frontispiece of Stradano’s Americae Retectio series serves to introduce this celebratory print series. It exhibits an elaborate mythology rejoicing inthe retectio, or discovery, of the Americas as an Italian endeavor. Giorgio Vasari, Cristofano Gherardi, and workshop, Birth of Venus,1555. Fresco. Florence, Sala degli Elementi, Palazzo Vecchio. Alinari/Art Resource,NY. the retectio, or discovery, of the Americas as an Italian endeavor. Though Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, is featured as the fourth print in this series, significantly, there is no reference to him or to his Portuguese origins on the frontispiece. In the frontispiece the gods Flora and her husband Zephyr (symbols of Florence), Janus and a pelican (a symbol for Genoa), and Oceanus (a symbol for sea travel) present a globe, while set within medallions at the top of the sheet are the two Italian navigators, Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci. At the upper corners of the composition, other symbols for Florence and Genoa, namely, Mars and Neptune, ride chariots. Thus, Florence, Vespucci’s birthplace, is represented at left in the composition with images of Mars, Flora, and a portrait of Vespucci himself, while Genoa, Columbus’s birthplace, is represented at right with Neptune, Janus, and a portrait of Columbus. This entire scene floats above the waters off the west coast of Italy, allowing an Italocentric view of land at the bottom of the composition to highlight the cities of Florence and Genoa, again reminding the viewer of the origins of the navigators portrayed above. Stradano quite likely emulated another triumphant work of art when he designed this frontispiece.58 The organization of the composition of the Americae Retectio frontispiece print closely resembles a tapestry from The Spheres series produced in Brussels around 1530 for John III of Portugal (1502–57) and his new Habsburg wife Catherine of Austria (1507–78). These three tapestries, each featuring a sphere held by mythological figures and attributed to the design of Bernard van Orley (1491–1542), glorify the discoveries of the Portuguese navigators during a period in which Portugal was at the height of its mercantilist power, with possessions in both Asia and Africa.59 Jerry Brotton writes of the final tapestry in the series, representing earth held by Jupiter and Juno (fig. 10): ‘‘In one breathtaking visual conceit the globe visualizes claim to geographically distant territories, whilst also imbuing his claims with a more intangible access to esoteric cosmological power and authority reflected in the celestial iconography which surrounds the central terrestrial globe.’’60 As a Northern tapestry designer, Stradano could have known firsthand, or heard descriptions of, these renowned textiles. While he emulates the basic composition of Van Orley’s tapestry of Jupiter and Juno, he substitutes different gods and turns the globe upright to make the New World and Europe most prominent. In mimicking this propagandistic tapestry boasting of Portugal’s navigational and commercial prowess, Stradano usurped its message of power and glory on behalf of these two Italian navigators. Within the iconographic framework of Van Orley’s tapestry, Stradano in his print includes many more emblematic figures, as well as small details, portraits, and a map to emphasize Italy’s role in the discovery. Below the dove at the top of the print, navigational devices, namely a sextant and a compass, represent the tools the explorers used to make the journeys possible. The minuscule ships depicted on the globe represent Columbus’s and Vespucci’s voyages and are more subtle indicators of the travels of the two navigators. The frontispiece also recalls preparatory drawings for, and commemorative prints of, ephemeral events at the Medici court. The images of the two gods aboard chariots recall the floats that were paraded down the Arno or in the Pitti Palace courtyard in Medici festivals, as well as wedding celebrations, such as the boats and seascape scenes used in the 1579 wedding between Grand Duke Francesco and Bianca Cappello (1548–87) (fig. 11), and in the Attributed to the design of Bernard Van Orley, The Earth Protectedby Jupiter and Juno, 1530s. Tapestry. Madrid, Palacio Real. intermezzo for the 1589 celebration for Ferdinando’s wedding.61 For the drapery held by Flora and Janus, Stradano might have also looked to triumphal arches in public Florentine processions, where pagan gods would flank a coat-of-arms and drapery was used as decoration on arches and on the facades of churches for special events. As a court artist who worked on the production teams of various Medici festivals and public events, Stradano Artist unknown, Parade boat for the wedding of Francesco I de’ Medici to Bianca Cappello in Raffaello Gualterotti, Feste delle nozze del serenissimo Don Francesco Medici Duca di Toscana et della serenissima sua consorte Bianca Cappello. Florence, 1579. Woodcut. Spencer Collection, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. width=590 height=425 /> Artist unknown, Parade boat for the wedding of Francesco I de’Medici to Bianca Cappello in Raffaello Gualterotti, Feste delle nozze del serenissimoDon Francesco Medici Duca di Toscana et della serenissima sua consorte BiancaCappello. Florence, 1579. Woodcut. Spencer Collection, The New York PublicLibrary, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. would have been quite familiar with this style of representation and its triumphal intent. The portraits of the two navigators within the medallions at the top of the image, combined with the blatant omission of Magellan, are perhaps the most overtly Italianist aspects of the print. For the portrait of Vespucci, Stradano likely copied a dubious portrait of the navigator painted by Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449–94) in a fresco of the Madonna della Misericordia in the family chapel in Ognissanti church in Florence (fig. 12). It is not certain whether the figure at the far left in the Ghirlandaio fresco that recalls Stradano’s portrait actually represents Amerigo Vespucci, especially since Vespucci, who in the fresco looks to be an adult, would have been an adolescent when the fresco was painted in the 1470s. But Vasari’s having written in his Le Vite delle piu` eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori (The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Archi tects, 1550) that the navigator was represented in the fresco, demonstrates that among sixteenth-century Florentines it was thought to be a true likeness of Domenico Ghirlandaio, Madonna della Misericordia, 1470s. Fresco. Florence, Vespucci chapel in Ognissanti church. Scala/Art Resource, NY. the explorer.62 Stradano reuses this same profile of Vespucci wearing a late fifteenth-century style hat in all of his representations of the navigator in his other prints.63 Stradano’s portrait of Columbus was most certainly based on the portrait of the navigator first produced for Paolo Giovio’s (1483–1552) portrait museum and then reproduced both in Paolo Giovio’s Elogia virorum bellica virtute illustrium (Praise of Men Illustrious for Courage in War, 1575) (fig. 13) and in a portrait within the Medici collection.64 This portrait type became the standard iconography for Columbus, and can be seen in many other portraits of the navigator, both painted and in print.65 Stradano used the most well-known images of the explorers to make them easily recognizable to his viewers. With their names and origins inscribed around their likenesses, the medallions in Stradano’s print recall commemorative numismatics and endow these likenesses with antique grandeu r. The spatially manipulated map of the Tuscan and Ligurian coast at the very bottom of the image makes clear that the discovery of the New World began from the northwestern coast of Italy, specifically from the navigators’ hometowns, Florence and Genoa. Here the west coast of Italy is reoriented so that it is featured at the base of the page. Though Florence is actually a good distance from the coast, it is depicted prominently at the lower left of the map with an entire cityscape, quite close to the water’s edge and framing the view of the coast. The Medici port of Livorno is also highlighted at the left with an image of a Medici fortress. Other important port towns are labeled and illustrated similarly with recognizable buildings. Genoa marks the very center of the map and is a larger coastal town in comparison with smaller towns labeled Cogoreto, Albizola, Savona. Cogoreto and Savona are included on the map likely because Oviedo wrote that Columbus might have been from one of these towns outside of Genoa.66 By reorienting Columbus’s and Vespucci’s birthplaces on the map, Stradano appoints these Italian cities as the starting points for the discovery of the New World. Stradano’s distorted map closely resembles Egnazio Danti’s map of Liguria in his frescoes in the Vatican (fig. 14) painted from 1580 to 1581, indicating either that the two one-time Medici court artists used the same source to depict the coast or that Stradano knew Danti’s frescoes in Rome.67 Within Danti’s map a detail of Neptune in a chariot leading an allegory of Columbus holding a compass includes tritons, fantastical sea creatures, and Tobias Stimmer, Columbus, in Paolo Giovio, Elogia Virorum BellicaVirtute Illustrium, Basel, 1575. Woodcut. Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D.Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. a banner stating, ‘‘Christopher Columbus of Liguria: Discoverer of the New World’’ (‘‘Christophorur Columbus Ligur. Novi Orbis Repertor’’). The use of allegory and inscription in Danti’s cartography are in the same vein as Stradano’s allegory of Genoa both in the frontispiece and in the Columbus print. Danti’s and Stradano’s maps — with their manipulated westward view of the coast of Italy, heroic representation of Columbus, and boastful Latin inscriptions — reveal the way in which cartography and allegory were used as cultural propaganda. Though Stradano is credited for the design of the image on the frontispiece, it was likely the literary scholar Alamanni who chose the Egnazio Danti, Liguria, 1580. Fresco. Vatican, Gallery of Maps. Scala/Art Resource, NY. erudite Latin inscription for the caption below the image.68 The print’s caption includes the characteristic signature of the artist and printmaker at left and the dedication to the ‘‘noble Alamanni brothers’’ at right. Both the preparatory drawing and the print include an interrogative title in the center between the artist’s signature at left and the patrons’ names at right: ‘‘QUIS POTIS EST DIGNUM POLLENT PECTORE CARMEN CONDERE PRO RERUM MAIESTATE, HISQUE REPERTIS?’’, which translates as: ‘‘Who is able to compose a song worthy of a powerful heart on behalf of the majesty of these things that have been discovered?’’ These Latin words are the first lines from book 5 of Titus Lucretius Carus’s (99–55 BCE) De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) written in the first century BCE. By the sixteenth century the De Rerum Natura was available in several printed editions and was scrutinized within literary circles both as a significant scientific treatise and as a work of great poetry that was thought to have inspired Virgil.69 The De Rerum Natura likely formed part of the readings and discussion of the members of the Accademia degli Alterati, who were at this time emulating the epic poetic form of Virgil.70 Lucretius’s discussion of technology and invention could have likewise shaped Alamanni’s conception of both of Stradano’s print series, documenting the new inventions and discoveries of early modern man. The last lines of book 5 of Lucretius, in particular, describe the idea of progress in a manner that recalls the prints in the Nova Reperta series: Ships, farms, walls, laws, arms, roads, and all the rest, Rewards and pleasures, all life’s luxuries, Painting, and song, and sculpture — these were taught Slowly, a very little at a time, By practice and by trial, as the mind Went forward searching. Time brings everything Little by little to the shores of light By grace of art and reason, till we see All things illuminate each other’s rise Up to the pinnacle of loftiness. Like Lucretius, whose poem lists the various new inventions of his time, Stradano’s Nova Reperta prints each represent a different result of progress in the sixteenth century, illustrating many of the examples that Lucretius cites, including ships, arms, and painting. Lucretius’s discussion of early man is also intriguing with regard to Stradano’s prints because it corresponds with many sixteenth-century descriptions of the people of the New World: People did not know, In those days, how to work with fire, to use The skins of animals for clothes; they lived In groves and woods, and mountain-caves †¦ Relying on their strength and speed, they’d hunt The forest animals by throwing rocks Or wielding clubs — there were many to bring down. The idea of the unclothed noble savage who hunts wild animals with a club is here described in Lucretius in a similar way that many sixteenth-century sources described the New World native, and like Stradano depicts the native in many of his hunt prints. For instance, Alison Brown has shown that Vespucci’s writings about the New World ‘‘were interpreted within the conceptual framework of Lucretius’’ in early sixteenth-century Florence.73 Though written in the first century BCE, the De Rerum Natura must have appeared shockingly modern and comprehensible to these sixteenth-century scholars who were considering new inventions and discoveries, and trying to comprehend progress and this previously unknown land often equated with antiquity. Lucretius’s evocative question used in the caption — ‘‘who is able to compose a song worthy of a powerful heart on behalf of the majesty of these things that have been discovered?’’ — could have also been understood as a literal challenge to poets contemporaneously writing about the discovery. Perhaps the caption even alludes to Stella’s Columbeidos and Strozzi’s text about Vespucci’s journey. Here Stradano has not chosen to write a song, but has rather designed images ‘‘on behalf of the majesty of these things that have been discovered.’’ By referring to this other medium, the song or poem, within his own engraving, Stradano has commented on the paragone debate between the different arts, and has shown that the print is the ‘‘worthy’’ medium for depicting this ‘‘majesty.’’ The following three prints in the series thus represent visual prin ted songs dedicated to each discoverer.

Scientific method Essay Example

Scientific method Essay Example Scientific method Essay Scientific method Essay In todays society we use science without even knowing it, because we dont relate what we do, where we go, and things that happen to science much less how the scientific method is used in everyday life. The scientific method gives us a precise answer to investigative questions and precise aanswers to those questions. Because of science our children and grandchildren will study the findings in our research of our day and learning more scientist study the world around them. There are 5 steps to the scientific method: . Make observations. 2. Propose a hypothesis. 3. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis. 4. Analyze your data to determine whether to accept or reject the hypothesis. 5. If necessary, propose and test a new hypothesis. By using these steps we can make accurate conclusions instead of assumptions form the discovery of DNA February 28, 1953, by Watson and Crick who made history at Cambridge University in the Cavendish Laboratory. Its because of this discovery that cold case files have been closed and the criminal behind bars and the families can be at rest now. This pressure stems from the action common in childhood and adolescence that one works with friends, rather than the reality of adult life in which one is not necessarily friends with coworkers (Cohen, 1994). Teachers may even feel that secondary students will be rebellious if they are forced to work in groups that are not of their own choosing (Cohen, 1994). When teachers grapple with this question, they confront a decisive and determining factor of successful cooperative learning and the complications that may arise in classroom settings. In a recent casebook for teachers about group work in the lassoer, 38% of the cases concerned difficulties teachers face creating groups (Sultan, Alton, Whitlock, 1998). When assigning group work, teachers must decide whether to allow students to form their own groups or whether to place students in groups through either a random or systematic allocation process. Prior research has examined how these approaches for corning groups affect the group experience by comparing grades on projects, tests, and exams (e. G. Leek 1999; Mightiest 2002; van deer Alan Smith and Spindle 2007; Swanson et al 1998), by analyzing student responses to questionnaires e. G. , Chapman et al 2006; Oddball et al 2007), and by synthesizing findings in prior psychology and organizational behavior research (e. G. , Bryant and Labeling 20060). The objectives of all this group work in a classroom setting are that students will (a) learn the importance of the four Cos of teamworkcommunication, collaboration, coope ration, and compromise (Kitchenware, 1997) and (b) be better prepared to enter the group-oriented workplace. However, using group projects in a class can also have significant drawbacks (e. G. Ashram, 2004; Bator,Wallboard, Krishna, 1997; Comer, 995). Common problems with group projects include free riders (I. E. , students who do not do the work but get credit because of the teams efforts), grade inflation because of some students getting higher grades than normal, lack of exposure to all aspects of a project, and difficulties related to group dynamics. To avoid many of the pitfalls of group projects, instructors should make every effort to structure, implement, and control group projects in an extremely intentional and well-thought- out manner (Chapman Van Oaken, 2001). Most teachers use one of two methods to sign students to groups: students select their own group members or the teacher forms students to groups. A teacher might form a group to practice self monitoring with a group of students. We understand the concern with group works. And seawater. We agree that group works are difficult to do. As always, it is up to the teacher to implement the program in a manner that is engaging and will allow for all students to be successful. Appear to first select friends to work with, not Just acquaintances, and then, if necessary, make additions to the group based on someones seating proximity or by adding students who are known as good group members. It is an informal primary group of students who share a similar or equal status. Members of a particular group often have similar interests and backgrounds, bonded by the premise of sameness. It is quite easy for the teacher to administer, and some evidence suggests that it may lead to better group dynamics and outcomes (e. G. , Bacon, Stewart, Silver, 1999; Mellow, 1993; Strong Anderson, 1990). This research paper will show if the students of Notre Dame of Greater Manila will be more successful if the teacher will Oromo their group, or if the students will let the students to form their own group. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: The basis for determining whether which of one the two formed groups is more preferred by the students is by conducting a survey. This study aims to know the effectiveness of choosing our own group mates or the choice of teacher. Specifically, it aims to answer the if. Questions: What is the difference if the students or the teachers will choose the group members? What are the advantages and disadvantages if: a. The students will choose their group? B. The teacher will choose their group? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The choice of group mates is a very important factor in accomplishing a project. Cooperation should always exist between group members in order to produce good results. This will only happen if the members have good relationships with each other. Usually, friends are the ones comfortable with each other. Having friends as group mates will surely fit in to this criterion. However, friends may tend to be distracted in making the project. Having the teacher choose ones group mates may also be considered so that the intelligent students in the class may be distributed to efferent groups. This will ensure that all groups will have a leader/ guide in making the project. Many other factors should be looked at in order to determine which is really more effective. It is therefore imperative to establish whether having friends as group mates is more effective or not. The aim of this research is to determine the opinions of the two parties involved in this problem, the teachers and the students. These opinions will be crucial in the conclusion that will be made regarding the problem. The results of this research may be given to the teachers so that they will eave a basis for the decisions that they will make in assigning group members. In this study, questionnaires will be used to determine the advantages and disadvantages of having friends as group mates. The questionnaires will consist of ten questions. The types of questions that will be used are: multiple choice, yes or no, and free response. These will help the researchers assess the effectiveness of choosing ones own group mates. The population will be composed of both male and female students of section Mark. Also, interviews will be conducted in order to determine the opinions of the teachers which are also involved in this problem. Their stand on this will be an important factor since they are the ones who actually see the results of the projects produced by the groups. In this part, the population will consist of 2 male and 2 female teachers of section Mark. The limitation of this research is that it will be only applicable to section Mark since the population of both the survey and the interviews are composed of students and teachers only of the said section. Further studies which may consist of a larger population may be inducted in order to state a conclusion which will be applicable to all high school students. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Groupings a planned arrangement of things, people, etc. , within a group 2. Group mate A person with whom one is in close association; an associate. . Interview is a conversation between two people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee. 4. Opinion is a subjective belief, and is the result of emotion or interpretation of facts. An opinion may be supported by an argument, although people may draw opposing pinions from the same set of facts. Opinions rarely change without new arguments being presented. 5. Population is all the organisms that both belong to the same species and live in the same geographical area. The area that is used to define the population is such that inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals from other areas. Other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. . Research can be defined as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method. The primary purpose for basic research is discovering, interpreting, and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe. 8. Survey is a method used to collect in a systematic way, information from a sample of individuals.